leaf is hard , dull and spiny ; normal colour is deep scandalmongering green . Leaves are on an irregular basis blotched with graphic shout when in sun , green in shade . Easily sunburned . Trees maintain an upright mounding shape . yield is vivid reddish orange tree and thin . Gender is female . This holly does n’t do as well as others by the seashore . This species does n’t take well to transplantation . Prune in the spring . Check the gender before institute . Not a vigorous plant .
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Characteristics
Requirements
Plant Care
Fertilizing
Light
Pinching is take away the prow tips of a vernal industrial plant to advance branching . Doing this stave off the need for more severe pruning later on .
cutting involves remove whole branches back to the trunk . This may be done to open up the interior of a works to let more light in and to increase air circulation that can cut down on plant disease . The honorable way to begin thinning is to start by removing idle or diseased wood .
Shearing is flush the surface of a bush using paw or electric shears . This is done to maintain the desire shape of a hedging or topiary .
rejuvenate is removal of former branches or the overall reduction of the size of a shrub to restore its original descriptor and size . It is recommended that you do not take away more than one third of a plant at a metre . Remember to remove branch from the interior of the plant as well as the outside . When rejuvenating plants with canes , such as nandina , thin back cane at various heights so that plant will have a more lifelike look .
Watering
If the problem is only on the surface , it perchance divert to a drainage ditch . If drain is poor where water board is in high spirits , install an cloak-and-dagger drainage system of rules . You should get hold of a contractile organ for this . If underground drain already exist , check to see if they are stymie .
French drain are another option . French drains are ditches that have been filled with gravel . It is fine to plant sod on top of them . More obtrusive , but a salutary solution where feeling are n’t as significant , call up of the French drainage as a ditch filled with crushed rock . Ditches should be 3 to 4 feet deep and have squish side .
A soakway is a crushed rock replete pit where water is divert to via secret pipage . This works well on website that have squeeze dirt . Your soakway should be about 6’wide and deep and fill with gravel or crushed Oliver Stone , exceed with sand and sodded or seeded .
Keep in thinker that it is illegal to divert water supply onto other people ’s dimension . If you do not find that you may go through a practicable solvent on your own , call a declarer . shape : Moist and Well DrainedMoist and well drainedmeans on the dot what it fathom like . Soil is moist without being quaggy because the grain of the dirt allows excess moisture to debilitate off . Most plant like about 1 column inch of water per calendar week . Amending your soil with compost will help improve texture and water belongings or draining capacity . A 3 column inch level of mulch will assist to maintain soil moisture and studies have shown that mulched plants grow faster than non - mulched plant .
Planting
If container - uprise , set the tree on its side and remove the container . Loosen the origin around the edges without conk out up the root testicle too much . Position tree in center of hole so that the best side faces forward . You are quick to begin filling in with land .
If planting a balled and burlaped tree diagram , put it in jam so that the best side confront forward . Untie or remove nails from burlap at top of orb and pull out burlap back , so it does not adhere out of hole when soil is replace . celluloid burlap should be removed as it will not moulder like natural gunny . Larger tree often come in conducting wire basket . Plant as you would a b&b plant , but cut as much of the wire away as possible without actually removing the basket . Chances are , you would do more harm to the rootball by move out the basket . just cut away wire to leave several large curtain raising for root .
satiate both holes with territory the same way . Never improve with less than half original soil . Recent study show that if your filth is idle enough , you are good off adding footling or no ground amendments .
make a water halo around the tabu boundary of the maw . Not only will this conseve piddle , but will take moisture to perimeter roots , encourage outer growth . Once tree is established , water supply ring may be leveled . Studies show that mulch tree diagram grow quicker than those unmulched , so sum a 3 " " bed of pinestraw , compost , or pulverized bark over backfilled area . off any damaged limbs .
Problems
Rhizoctoniais a fungus that is get in most soils and enters the plant through the roots or the stem at grime spirit level . Prevention and Control : First of all , do not overwater and if you surmise Rhizoctonia may be your problem , decrease watering . If a works is too far pass ( all the leaf from the bottom up are wilt ) , polish off it . If your plant is in a container , discard the soil too . Wash the weed with a 1 part whitener to 9 parts water solution . Fungicides can be used , according to label instruction . confer with a professional person for a legal recommendation of what antimycotic agent to use . Pest : MaggotsMaggotslive in the grime , jaw the root hairs off of plants and love life to tunnel through root crops such as onions , Allium sativum and leeks . They are about 1/3 of an inch long , shining clean and blunt - head . Adults are dark grey tent flap that resemble the coarse housefly .
Prevenion and Control : Floating row cover or cheesecloth congeal over seedbeds in early spring may deter egg place on young plant . Crop rotation is a must . Always withdraw and destroy infected plants . Beneficial nemtodes will prey on maggots as well . Till soil well in the fall to expose and destroy pupa . Pest : Fungus Gnats and ShorefliesFungus GnatsorShore fliesare small pesky flies which can often be a pain inside the home . About the sizing of yield fly , they can be look execute on the soil surface of pots . They seem to favor tight grease conditions and may thrive in mixes stop hardwood bark or manure . While the insect - alike larvae can cause root harm and adults can transmit plant life diseases , they seldom induce grave plant damage .
Possible controls : avoid over - watering soil . Another pick : use labelled insecticidal drenches against the puerile stages . Adults can be controlled with commend insecticides , as well . advance born enemies such as leechlike roundworm in the garden . Pest : MealybugsSmall , wingless , dull - livid , soft - bodied insects that grow a waxy powdery covering . They have piercing / draw backtalk parts that suck the sap out of plant life tissue . Mealybugsoften look like minuscule piece of cotton and they lean to congregate where leaves and stems branch . They assail a wide range of plants . The young lean to move around until they find a suitable eating office , then they hang out in settlement and provender . Mealybugs can weaken a flora leading to yellow foliage and leaf free fall . They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive smuggled Earth’s surface fungous development name pitchy mold .
Prevention and Control : Isolate infested plant life from those that are not . Consult your local garden shopping centre professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal insecticide / chemical good word . Encourage born enemy such as lady beetles in the garden to help reduce universe levels of mealy hemipteron . Pest : WhitefliesWhitefliesare humble , wing insects that take care like tiny moth , which attack many type of plants . The flying grownup stage prefer the underside of farewell to feed and breed . Whiteflies can multiply promptly as a female can lay up to 500 egg in a life span of 2 months . If a plant is infested with whitefly , you will see a cloud of take flight insect when the flora is disturbed . Whiteflies can weaken a works , finally leading to plant end if they are not checked . They can channelize many harmful works viruses . They also produce a odorous means call honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungous growth called sooty mold .
Possible controls : keep weeds down ; use screening in window to keep them out ; polish off infested plants away from non - infested plant life ; use a pensive mulch ( aluminum foil ) under plants ( this repels whiteflies ) ; yap with yellow-bellied glutinous cards , apply labeled pesticide ; encourage natural foe such as parasitic wasps in the garden ; and sometimes a good stiff shower of weewee will lave them off the plant . Pest : AphidsAphids are humble , soft - incarnate , slow - run insects that suck fluid from flora . Aphidscome in many colors , set out from fleeceable to brown to black , and they may have wings . They attack a encompassing range of plant species causing stunting , contort leave and bud . They can transmit harmful works computer virus with their pierce / nurse mouthparts . Aphids , more often than not , are simply a pain , since it takes many of them to cause serious plant hurt . However aphids do grow a sweet-scented meaning called honeydew ( coveted by pismire ) which can lead to an unattractive black aerofoil growth call in coal-black mold .
Aphids can increase quick in numbers and each female can raise up to 250 live nymphs in the course of a month without mating . Aphids often come out when the environment changes - spring & fall . They ’re often massed at the tip of branches feeding on lush tissue . aphid are attracted to the color yellowness and will often thumb on yellow clothing .
Prevention and Control : Keep gage to an absolute lower limit , especially around desirable plants . On edible , lap off infected arena of plant . Lady bugs and lacewings will feed on aphid in the garden . There are various intersection - constitutive and inorganic - that can be used to keep in line aphids . Seek the recommendation of a professional and follow all recording label procedures to a teeing ground . Fungi : Powdery MildewPowdery Mildewis usually set up on works that do not have enough airwave circulation or adequate light . Problems are worse where nights are coolheaded and mean solar day are warm and humid . The powdery white or gray fungus is usually found on the upper surface of leaf or fruit . Leaves will often turn yellow or chocolate-brown , curl up , and cut down off . New foliage emerges crinkle and distorted . Fruit will be dwarfed and often drops early .
Prevention and Control : Plant resistant varieties and space industrial plant properly so they obtain adequate illumination and air circulation . Always weewee from below , keeping water off the foliation . This is preponderating for rosebush . Go easy on the nitrogen fertilizer . Apply antifungal agent according to label direction before problem becomes severe and follow charge on the button , not missing any call for intervention . Sanitation is a must - clean up and polish off all leaves , flowers , or debris in the fall and destroy . disease : Pythium and Phytophtora Root RotRot Rot , PythiumorPhytophthoraoccurs when dirt moisture level are overly high and fungal spore present in the soil , fall in contact lens with the susceptible plant . The base of stems discolor and cringe , and leave further up the angry walk wilt and decease . Leaves near base are touch first . The roots will turn mordant and moulder or come apart . This fungus can be introduced by using unsterilized soil mixture or contaminated weewee .
Prevention and ControlRemove involve plants and their roots , and discard hem in soil . Replace with plants that are not susceptible , and only use fresh , sterilise soil mix . Hold back on feed too . test not to over water plants and make certain that soil is well drain prior to planting . This fungus is not treatable by chemicals .
Rhizoctonia Root and Stem Rot symptoms reckon similar to Pythium Root Rot , but the Rhizoctonia fungus seems to thrive in well drain soils . kingdom Fungi : Leaf SpotsLeaf patch are triggered by fungi or bacteria . brownish or black spots and patches may be either ragged or round , with a urine intoxicate or yellow - edged coming into court . Insects , rain , dirty garden tools , or even multitude can aid its spread .
Prevention and Control : Remove infected leaves when the plant is dry . Leaves that collect around the base of the plant should be raked up and disposed of . Avoid overhead irrigation if potential ; water should be directed at soil level . For fungal foliage spots , use a recommended fungicide according to recording label directions .
plague : Leaf MinersLeaf Mineris actually a terminal figure that applies to various larva ( of moths , beetles , and flies ) that burrow between upper and lower leaf surfaces , leaving a typical , squiggly rule . A female grownup can lay several hundred bollock inside the leaf which hatching and give rise to miners . Leaf miners plan of attack ornamentals and vegetables .
Prevention and Control : Keep sess down and lookout man individual industrial plant for tell - tale squiggles . Pick and destroy these leaves and take advantage of natural enemies such as parasitical wasps . Know the Growing Degree Days ( GDD ) * for your area to target insecticide sprays when most beneficial for controlling the specific leaf miner . Seek a professional good word and follow all recording label procedures to a tee . * GDD number should be useable from your local Cooperative Extension office . Diseases : AnthracnoseAnthracnose is the result of a plant infection , because of a fungus , and may stimulate severe defoliation , especially in tree , but seldom ensue in destruction . Sunken patches on stem , yield , foliage , or twigs , come along grayish brown , may appear reeking , and have pinkish - topaz spore masses that appear guck - like . On veggie , spots may enlarge as fruit matures .
Prevention and Control : Once established they are hard to control . Isolate overrun plants aside from those that are not infested . Consult your local garden center professional or Cooperative Extension situation in your county for a legal good word regarding their ascendancy . Encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasp in the garden . Weeds : AlgaeAlgaeis a one - celled organism that reproduce by electric cell sectionalisation , spores , or atomization . It thrives in warming water that receives full Lord’s Day and has an ample provision of nutrients . Algae are most commonly found in ponds that that are not ecologically balanced or in low - lying areas on demesne or in drain ditches . Most noticeable in give , when water begin to warm up , as a greenish cast or celluloid on the pond ’s surface . On land , alga may come out slimy and green or scum - like . Prevention and Control : The unspoilt bar is to strive for an ecologically balanced pond . It is recommend that you supply at least one oxygenating plant per 1 square foot of pond surface . respectable oxygenators include charis , genus Cabomba , and vallisneria , all of which compete with algae for carbon dioxide and nutrients . The second stride would be to barricade any fertiliser overspill from entering the pond and to reduce the amount of intellectual nourishment fed to angle . Both overload water with nutrient , making algae problems defective . foreshorten the amount of sunlight penetrating the pond ’s surface is the third step . fungus kingdom : Sooty MoldSooty mold is a fungus that is discover on the surface of leaf . It feeds on honeydew excreted from aphids , mealy bug , scale , or pismire . Though not serious , it is untempting when it covers / blackens the leaves and halt of the plant . The best way to control sooty stamp is to see the worm that make the honeydew melon . Sooty modeling can unremarkably be pass over from leaves with a dampish cloth or washed off with a hosiery - destruction atomiser . disease : BlightBlights are cause by kingdom Fungi or bacterium that kill plant tissue paper . Symptoms often show up as the rapid spying or wilting of foliage . There are many unlike blights , specific to various plant , each requiring a wide-ranging method of control .
Miscellaneous
Prevention and Control : Keep computer virus newsboy such as aphids , leafhopper , and thripid under control . These plant alimentation worm circulate computer virus . virus can also be preface by infected pollen or through plant openings ( as when prune ) . Begin bykeeping the pathogen outof your garden . unexampled plants should be checked , as well as tools and be plants . Use only certified seed that is hold disease - free . Plant only resistant varietiesandcreate a discouraging environmentby turn out craw , not planting close related plants in the same area every year .
